Some problems with the cold aren’t necessarily associated with cold temperatures, for example, hypothermia.
Hypothermia
Cause – a life-threatening condition defined as body temperature below 95 F (35 C).
Temperatures do not have to be extreme to cause hypothermia, since water and wind can combine to rapidly chill a person. Most deaths from hypothermia occur in well-above freezing temperatures.
Symptoms – a pale, drowsy, confused, and cold victim. She may become unconscious.
Treatment – consists of seeking immediate medical help and warming the victim. Warm drinks are effective, as well as hats, blankets, emergency aluminum blankets which reflect body heat, and, of course, warm shelter. Remove wet clothing.
Prevention – wear warm clothing in insulating layers, a windproof/waterproof shell, and a hat. An aluminum reflective space blanket should be in every traveler’s pack. Avoid cotton clothing in cold, wet conditions.
Frostbite
Treatment – must be immediate. Warming affected areas. Massage is not helpful, but placing feet and hands under armpits is. If warm water is available, place the affected areas in it. The water should not be hotter than 110 F (43 C). Remove constricting clothing, rings, and watches. Don’t warm affected areas with direct heat, such as from a lighter. Don’t allow someone to walk on a frostbitten foot, unless it’s necessary for survival.
